Commonly listed among suggested readings for America250, David McCullough’s 1776 is a history of the American Revolution focused on the pivotal year identified in the book’s title – the year of the Declaration of Independence, when the outcome of the struggle depended largely on military success. While the book is a military history, it is also a study of leadership, perseverance, devotion, and commitment to the cause of independence.
McCullough’s research draws upon both American and British archival sources. Letters, journals, and other contemporary records tell the human story through the experiences and observations of participants on both sides of the conflict. On the American side were farmers, teachers, laborers, and others, young and old alike, drawn into the struggle for independence.
1776 recounts the many hardships and missteps that preceded the Revolution’s eventual success. In late 1775, Britain prepared to crush the rebellion by sending additional troops, including well-trained and experienced Hessian mercenaries. At the same time, George Washington assumed command of the Continental Army, inheriting a force that was ill-equipped and largely unprepared.
Central to the book’s narrative is the leadership of George Washington. Much of what is commonly remembered about Washington involves his heroism and military accomplishments. McCullough does not portray him as flawless. Washington began his command with limited military experience, occasional uncertainty, and some notable mistakes. McCullough emphasizes his dignity, intelligence, perseverance, and ability to inspire confidence in others.
American soldiers faced significant disadvantages compared with the well-supported and formidable British military. The hardships were severe with hunger, disease, expiring enlistments, and frequent desertions. Critical supplies were lacking, clothing and food were often inadequate, training was inconsistent, and pay was unreliable. Morale was a persistent challenge.
Despite these overwhelming obstacles, and despite major defeats in New York and New Jersey, Washington’s army endured. Through determination, adaptability, and several important successes, the revolutionary forces continued the fight that would ultimately lead to British defeat. As McCullough observes, the Revolution survived because Washington refused to surrender.
Although Washington is the dominant figure, McCullough also profiles others who performed significant roles in the fight for independence, as well as key leaders among the British forces. Notable are Henry Knox and Nathanael Greene, whose intelligence, determination, and leadership McCullough’s recognizes. Their contributions, along with those of many other participants, reinforce one of the book’s central themes: that the Revolution’s success depended not only on great leaders but also on the perseverance and sacrifice of many individuals committed to the cause of independence.
Other notable David McCullough American history books for America250 reading and bookdiscussions include John Adams, The American Spirit, and The Pioneers.
McCullough, David. 1776. Simon & Schuster. 2005.
